Workers comp exclusivity provisions "by and large control" claims relating to suicide, said employment attorney Brian T. Ashe, a partner with Seyfarth Shaw L.L.P. in San Francisco.
And even in the workers comp system, “It's not a claim that we see very often,” said Michael S. Brenton, a workers comp defense attorney with Murphy, Brenton & Spagnuolo P.C. in East Lansing, Mich.
Still, it is an issue of growing concern. There was a 28% increase in the number of suicides committed in the workplace last year—251—compared with the prior year, according to a census by the U.S. Department of Labor released earlier this month.
And that number does not include the much greater number who kill themselves elsewhere, say experts.
Employers are expressing increasing worry about employee suicide, say employee assistance plan providers.
There have been a greater number of calls recently from employers about how to handle potential suicides, said Dr. Doug Nemecek, Eden Prairie, Minn.-based senior medical director for CIGNA Corp.'s Health Solutions organization, which includes its behavioral health and EAP business.
There is “typically a fairly challenging proof burden for the plaintiff,” who could be a representative or a dependent of the employee, when there is a suicide claim, said Mr. Brenton. “Just like any other workers compensation case, it becomes very heavily dependent on what the facts are deemed to be” by the magistrate or administrative law judge, he said.
But with suicides, it can be challenging “to reconstruct what may have been going through the employee's mind at the time of the suicide.” said Mr. Brenton. In the final analysis, the claim “must have some foundation in verifiable fact.”
Keith Bateman, vp of workers compensation at the Des Plaines, Ill.-based Property Casualty Insurers Assn. of America, said a number of states “deny compensation if you intentionally injure yourself.”
Florida's workers compensation statute, for instance, states compensation is not payable if the injury was “occasioned primarily...by the willful intention of the employee to injure or kill himself, herself or another,” said David A. McCranie, an Orange, Fla.-based independent workers comp defense attorney.
Experts say one exception to collecting workers compensation benefits after a suicide could occur if it comes after an injury that caused excruciating pain. In a 2008 decision, for instance, the Nevada Supreme Court ruled in Sharon Vredenburg vs. Sedgwick CMS and Flamingo Hilton-Laughlin that the widow of a bartender who committed suicide after he experienced unrelenting pain from a back injury suffered at work could collect compensation (BI, Aug. 3, 2008).
Jurisdictions differ, however, on the proof needed in these cases, Mr. Bateman said.
To address the problem, some employers are stepping up their understanding of suicidal behavior and reacting swiftly.
When an employee came into work one day dressed in black and asked her coworkers in an offhand manner, “Don't you think this dress would look good in a coffin?” no time was wasted.
“We took her right over” to a psychiatric hospital, said Jan Zoucha, vp of human resources at the employee's firm, Lincoln, Neb.-based Assurity Life Insurance Co.
Educating employees on signs a colleague is considering suicide is a key element in its prevention, say observers.
In some cases, employees are informing managers about co-workers who have expressed suicidal thoughts on their Facebook pages, he said.
Those who commit suicide at work may have felt significant stress from their increased work load as well as worries about job security, say observers.
The general economic environment can cause problems as well. “They're financially strained,” said Richard Chaifetz, chairman and chief executive officer of Chicago-based ComPsych Corp., an EAP provider.
“A lot of people are having relationship problems, which tend to get exacerbated” in a financial crisis. People also are concerned about their retirement, as they see their 401(k) assets drop, among other factors, he said.
The fact that a suicide occurs at work may or may not be significant, say observers. “In many cases, if you're choosing to do it here, you're choosing to send a message to your co-workers and your employers,” said Dr. Chaifetz.
Or, “it could be they just don't want to do it at home” where a family member would find them, said Bob VandePol, president of Grand Rapids, Mich.-based Crisis Care Network Inc., which provides critical incident response services for work places.
Having a corporate culture that encourages employees to seek help is crucial, observers say. “We create a culture where people feel very cared for, respected, communicated with,” said Ms. Zoucha of Assurity Life.
Rich Paul, vp of health and performance solutions at Norfolk, Va.-based ValueOptions Inc., an EAP provider, said employers should implement a suicide prevention program. But, it “has to come from the top down in terms of reinforcing a supportive work environment, communicating and reinforcing the resources that are available to people who are feeling overwhelmed, or feeling that level of distress,” he said.
“One of the most tragic things about suicide is more often than not” those who commit it have “not sought any type of counseling support before,” he said. “We should encourage employees to take advantage of the resources available to address stress before it escalates to this tragic level.”
At Turtle Bay Exploration Park in Redding, Calif., workers who are perceived to have problems are immediately told of its free EAP services, said human resources officer Jacque Holden at the educational and entertainment complex, who works with San Diego-based ACI Specialty Benefits Corp., Turtle Bay's EAP provider.
“We're spending more time educating managers on how to intervene with a troubled employee,” said ACI CEO Ann D. Clark. “We're offering more seminars on coping with stress, whether it's financial stress or emotional stress,” she said. Sometimes financial counselors will refer workers to mental health counseling after talking with them.
Employers also should train managers and workers to recognize the signs of a potential suicide risk. At Assurity Life, supervisors are trained “to know all of the resources of our EAP and some of the red flags to look for,” including employees who have personal or performance issues, said Ms. Zoucha.
Giving away personal belongings, cashing out a 401(k) plan or making significant benefit changes are signs someone may be considering suicide, said Mr. Paul of ValueOptions.
Employees who are working more slowly, have trouble getting along with co-workers, are missing work, or are irritable may be showing signs of mental health issues, and managers should suggest they seek help from their EAP, said Dr. Chaifetz.
In addition, “most people who commit suicide talk about it beforehand. They don't keep it a secret,” said CIGNA's Dr. Nemecek.
If there is a suicide, also crucial is helping surviving co-workers who may feel guilt over the incident. A worker killed in a plane crash will be memorialized, but if a worker commits suicide, surviving co-workers often are left facing an empty cubicle, said Heidi Bryan, executive director of the Radnor, Pa.-based Feeling Blue Suicide Prevention Council. “A lot of times, companies do nothing, and that's not acceptable.”
“That's a traumatic event that can really have a serious impact on the people who are left,” said Oliver Williams, clinical director at Chicago-based EAP provider Bensinger, DuPont & Associates.
It is important for the employer “to have somebody come out and do a formal, critical incident stress management session with the surviving employees,” he said. “I think people really need to have a space where they could talk their feelings through,” Mr. Williams said
After a suicide, companies are faced with continuing their business and “really helping people cope” with what has happened, said Kristine Brennan, executive director of Continuum-Employee Assistance, Training, Consulting, a Lincoln, Neb.-based EAP provider.
Not leaving people to “just manage it on their own whatever way they can” pays dividends for the company. “It bonds them. There is an increased loyalty and appreciation for the company,” she said.