President Obama outlined his reform plan but Republicans said it was not acceptable and called for a fresh start.
The president and his allies want to expand health coverage to include millions of uninsured Americans.
Republican Senate minority leader Mitch McConnell said he was "discouraged by the outcome" of the summit.
He said it was "pretty clear" that Democrats and Presient Obama wanted to revive the healthcare bill passed by the Senate last December but now stalled in Congress.
"I do not believe there will be any Republican support for this 2,700 page bill," Mr McConnell said.
'Step closer'
House Speaker Nancy Pelosi said the Democratic Party would continue its campaign for healthcare reform.
"Those people who are struck will illness or pre-existing [health] conditions... want us to act, they want results," she said.
"We need to have the courage to get this job done, and we will. I think today took us a step closer to improve healthcare, to lower costs and to make it much more accessible to many more Americans."
he president had urged 40 Republicans and Democrats to avoid political theatre and focus on areas where they agreed.
Republicans say that the country cannot afford President Obama's plans and they want him to start again from scratch.
The stage is now set for a showdown in which the Democrats may use a controversial parliamentary procedure to force their plans through, says the BBC's Paul Adams in Washington.
A long and often riveting day did little to break the deadlock, reports our correspondent, and healthcare reform, which everyone wants, is no closer as a result.
The two sides clashed, mostly politely but sometimes angrily, over a host of technical and philosophical differences.
The White House has signaled it may end up driving through a bill using a procedure called budget reconciliation, which only needs a simple majority of 51 votes in the Senate.
President Obama said Americans wanted a final vote on healthcare. "I think that most Americans think a majority vote makes sense," he said.
Analysts say that was a hint he may drive the reform bill through Congress.
The reform plan is currently blocked as the Democrats no longer have the 60-seat majority required to thwart Republican obstruction tactics.
Partisan battle
The contentious debate was plagued by bipartisanship: even the shape of the table for the debate at Blair House, opposite the White House, was the subject of dispute.
President Obama, Vice-President Joe Biden and other leading Democrats sparred with senior Republicans, including Mr McConnell and Arizona Senator John McCain.
President Obama opened the debate by emphasizing that everyone present understood the importance of the healthcare issue, adding that there were significant points of potential agreement between the two parties on healthcare reform.
"We all know this is urgent and unfortunately, despite all the negotiations that have taken place, it became a very ideological battle; it became a very partisan battle where politics ended up trumping common sense," he said.
He added that he wanted to avoid the televised session becoming merely political theatre, hoping that those involved would work together to try to solve the problem.
"If we keep an open mind and are not trying to score political points then we may be able to make some progress," he said.
Republican Senator Lamar Alexander responded by saying that in order for President Obama to succeed on healthcare, he should scrap the health care bill that Senate Democrats passed in December, and start afresh with a clean sheet of paper.
"If we can start over, we can write a healthcare bill," he said. "It means working together... reducing healthcare costs... and going step-by-step to regain the trust of the American people."
Republican Senator Jon Kyl went on to argue that Democratic efforts to overhaul the current system would give Washington too much control over healthcare.
"There are some fundamental differences between us here that we cannot paper over," said Mr Kyl. "We do not agree about the fundamental question about who should be mostly in charge.